Harappan's smelting copper c.6000 BC
They make up names for the earliest ANCIENT EVIL on our planet... Minoans, some say, should be called CRETAN, not Minoan... They argue about old stuff like this... No matter what we think they are called, they are an ANCIENT COLONIZER EVIL! Remember that: they owned SLAVES! The ROMAN EMPIRE are them re-named later...
[youtbe comment] @jondeere5638
How old is the Harappan civilization?
The
oldest Neolithic settlement HARAPPAN is Mehrgarh in Pakistan. It was dated to
c.7000 BC. They grew einkorn wheat, emmer wheat, dates, jujubes and
barley. They raised sheep, goats, and cattle. These plants and animals
were domesticated in Anatolia. They started smelting copper c.6000 BC. (Minoans/CRETANS) found and mined copper in the Great Lakes/Michigan a million years ago. Let's not call them Minoan, OK?)
👉* a million years ago?
Mehrgarh Period I (pre-7000–5500 BCE) wiki
The Mehrgarh Period I (pre-7000–5500 BCE)[note 5] was Neolithic and aceramic (without the use of pottery). The earliest farming in the area was developed by semi-nomadic people using plants such as wheat and barley and animals such as sheep, goats and cattle. The settlement was established with unbaked mud-brick buildings and most of them had four internal subdivisions. Numerous burials have been found, many with elaborate goods such as baskets, stone and bone tools, beads, bangles, pendants, and occasionally animal sacrifices, with more goods left with burials of males. Ornaments of sea shell, limestone, turquoise, lapis lazuli and sandstone have been found, along with simple figurines of women and animals. Seashells from far seashores, and lapis lazuli from as far away as present-day Badakshan, show good contact with those areas. One ground stone axe was discovered in a burial, and several more were obtained from the surface. These ground stone axes are the earliest to come from a stratified context in South Asia.
Periods I, II, and III are considered contemporaneous with another site called Kili Gul Mohammad.[43] The aceramic Neolithic phase in the region had originally been called the Kili Gul Muhammad phase. While the Kili Gul Muhammad site itself probably started c. 5500 BCE, subsequent discoveries allowed the date range of 7000–5000 BCE to be defined for this aceramic Neolithic phase.[44]
In 2001, archaeologists studying the remains of nine men from Mehrgarh discovered that the people of this civilization knew proto-dentistry. In April 2006, it was announced in the scientific journal Nature that the oldest (and first early Neolithic) evidence for the drilling of human teeth in vivo (i.e. in a living person) was found in Mehrgarh. According to the authors, their discoveries point to a tradition of proto-dentistry in the early farming cultures of that region. "Here we describe eleven drilled molar crowns from nine adults discovered in a Neolithic graveyard in Pakistan that dates from 7,500 to 9,000 years ago. These findings provide evidence for a long tradition of a type of proto-dentistry in early farming culture."[45]
Here we go... (SLIDESHOW) The white guy who discovered it: Sir Mortimer Wheeler. It was not discovered until the 1920's.
Has there been any civilization more advanced than the Harappan civilization?
You can’t really compare the advanced-ness of different civilizations. Each civilization was advanced in its own way.
For example, Mesopotamia had huge palaces and ziggurats.
And then Egypt’s complicated pyramids.
And complicated Egyptian fractions.
Then there is a Minoan (very early people in Greece) palace at Knossos in the island of Crete.
And the Olmec civilization in Mexico which gave architectural knowledge to the later people such as the Maya.
And their complicated calendars. (Yep, the photo shows a calendar!)
And the famous vigesimal (base-20) Mayan numbers, with a zero (0).
Then there is the Harappan civilization. It has no wonderful architecture, nor is any mathematics/science discovered yet. But beauty lies in the eyes of the beholder.
Harappans seem to be the first to build a bath.
A granary. (This is a diagrammatic representation.)
The world’s first dock.
And most importantly, possibly (along with those living in Crete) the world’s first flush toilet!
DNA is ODD?
Thanks for request to answer.
Yes, there are a few oddities in some of the genetic studies. I should first however say, the early Minoan DNA samples are a little thin on the ground. We need to be careful interpreting them for this reason. They are often separated by time and we don’t know if they are representative of the wider population. They could for example be a merchant hailing from a distant port.
The general view is that the Minoans share genetic similarities with early farmers from prehistory, the islands were populated before the agricultural revolution, farming practice was introduced around 7,000 BCE. The Minoan ancestors were largely from early farmers. This is a study which is often referred to:
This said, some of the early studies are interesting. They use early Minoan DNA samples and this is where it gets interesting.
The blue gradient represents the percentage of shared lineages, with the higher percentages represented in blue and the lower in white. The red dots indicate the origin of each of the 71 modern population groups and the 11 ancient populations that were included in our analysis. (a) mtDNA HVS-1 lineages shared between Minoans and 71 extant population groups; (b) lineages shared with 11 Bronze Age, Iron Age and Neolithic populations.
This is very odd b) shows Minoan samples share Sardinian prehistory ancestry, or at least from the early Minoan samples taken. a) compares Minoan DNA with modern populations. Another odd high concentration in Northern Spain and South England!
(Dah... THEY MOVED!!!)
This earlier DNA study suggests unexpected connections with Western Europe. This makes sense in context, maritime trade started before the Minoans, there was a brisk trade in obsidian before metals were discovered for example. There were very early Mariners that swept eastwards populating the island (this is not generally considered a contentious point).
Although not covered in this study, the geneticists also recognise a component from the Caucusus.
The general view is also largely right though (but these studies tend to use far later samples) tend to suggest the Minoan ancesters are generally from early farmers in the region (most Anatolia with a little from the fertile crescent). My own view is the earlier Minoans had a more diverse genetic makeup and gradularly become more similar to those in the area. This suggests maritime trade in prehistory which we know less about, I believe the Minoan ancesters include those that traded in tool materials and this started in prehistory before the Minoans.
**
Theories: HARAPPANS?
Harappans used spears which are depicted on an Indus seal; another indus seal from shortugai depicts Indus people using bows and arrows, the bows are also composite bows, like the ones which were used by the Mongols.
The chariots have been depicted on indus terracotta toys and also one bronze figurine of chariot from inamgaon down in maharashtra. The elephants were probably trained for the battle as well and there were horses present. Axes, knives have also been found from the indus valley civilization sites.
When it comes to swords, the bronze swords have been found but from some very eastern cites of the indus valley like sinauli.
Swords, in fact from Sanauli, are earlier than the earliest swords discovered from any where in the world, normally in 1700 BC/seventeen hundred BC.
There are several cave drawings from Neolithic Age which shows men riding chariots, horses and using spear and swords and harpoons, these harpoons have also been discovered from Indus valley sites.
(Borrowing gods??) Confusion, indeed.
One very special figurine from Harappa is of a spear thrower, or so it has been declared. This spear thrower figurine as it turns out is an exact depiction of Greek statues of Zeus and Poseidon... so my opinion is that the spear thrower statue of Indus civilization depicts god Indra because only Indra has been compared with Zeus and was worshiped from the earliest Vedic period to the very recent times... where Indra was depicted in classical indian arts, curious thing is, indra rides an elephant and is a very powerful god (One seal from Indus civilization is also perhaps of indra with a chakra on top and elephant in the bottom and indra is holding two tigers with his bare hands) This may be a depiction of powerful god Indra. The thing is, elephants are depicted with saddle and cloth over them which shows that elephants were already domesticated by the time of Indus valley civilization and since god indra is a very fierce god. just read the attributes of indra here:
In the Vedas, Indra is the king of Svarga (Heaven) and the Devas. He is the god of the heavens, lightning, thunder, storms, rains and river flows. Indra is the most referred to deity in the Rigveda..
He is celebrated for his powers, and the one who kills the great symbolic evil (malevolent type of Asura) named Vritra who obstructs human prosperity and happiness. Indra destroys Vritra and his "deceiving forces", and thereby brings rains and the sunshine as the friend of mankind.
His importance diminishes in the post-Vedic Indian literature where he is depicted as a powerful hero but one who is getting in trouble with his drunken, hedonistic and adulterous ways, and the god who disturbs Hindu monks as they meditate because he fears self-realized human beings may become more powerful than he.
So indra definitely is a very powerful fierce god and is also depicted in Indus valley civilization arts, it implies that indus civilization people were using elephants for war as indra being depicted with a tamed elephant.
There are so many. I will include a map.
In my opinion, the most important were the largest sites, which were Harappa, Mohenjo Daro, Rakhigarhi, Dholavira, Lothal, and Kalibangan. I think these sites have the greatest potential because if a city is bigger, there is potentially more to find. There also might be more Indus cities under modern cities like Karachi, Multan, Hyderabad, or Lahore, but since there are modern cities there right now, we can’t exactly excavate easily.
How is the Harappan Civilisation also known as an urban civilization?
An Urban Civilization means complex society characterized by Urban development.
Let's see what makes Harappan Civilization an Urban Civilization.
Archaeological evidence point out at planned cities,drainage systems, massive structure and use of kiln bricks.
- They had an advanced sense of Town Planning.
Fired Bricks were used for foundation, and unfired bricks were used for wall.
Main Street was 9m wide
Every house had tiled bathroom and its own well.
Sewers serviced the whole city. They had 80 public toilets. Evidence of flush system has been found. Drains for waste water, gutter and water collectors were dug in the main Street.
The great bath. They even had shower systems.
2. Science
People of this period knew metal working, constructing storyed buildings.
Monumental stone walls of 15m in height was constructed. Evidence of rock cut architecture is available.
Constructed dams, changed course of river to build largest of reservoirs.
3. Administration
The civilization was one of the richest in the ancient world, they had developed cottage industry and craftsmanship.
Masonic art was well developed. Uniformity in production reveals there was a centralized system.
Artificial dockyard was made in lothal port.
4. Agriculture
In Kalibangan site we can see evidence of furrowed field which hints at use of some sort of wooden plough.
Stored Waters from reservoirs were used for irrigation.
Since it managed to astonish the archaeologists with its advanced features, the Harappan Civilization is known as Urban Civilization.
No traces of it, eh?
Do a google search for images of Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, and Lothal, You will find massive ruined brickwork cities, laid out on gridwork, with some houses served by freshwater connections and sewer systems. This was back in the Bronze Age, these cities are older than Rome, Greece, and everything else civilized except Egypt, Sumer, the Levant, China and Gobekli Tepe in Turkey.
Harappan or Minoan or whatever
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